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Arrays are collections of objects, and so are hashes. However, hashes have a different storage format and way to define each object within the collection. Rather than having an assigned position in a list, objects within a hash are given a key that points to them. It s more like a dictionary than a list, as there s no guaranteed order, but just simple links between keys and values. Here s a basic hash with two entries:

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In s 4 and 5, you wrote the headlines for your story template following the procedures in the section Writing Headlines Using Three Ground Rules in 3. Just as you strive to be concise, clear, direct, and speci c with your words, you should strive to be the same with your visuals. Whether you use words or visuals to communicate, your singular goal should be to get across the most meaning in the most ef cient way possible. When you sketch your storyboard, that means you should use the simplest illustration possible without any excess detail. Not only does a simple illustration help you make your visual point quickly, it also will guide you to avoid the extraneous detail that would otherwise clog the eye of the needle of working memory of your audience. When in doubt, leave it out of your sketches. As you sketch, always pay special attention to the wording of the headlines as you read through them in Slide Sorter view to see whether you can reword them to tie them together more tightly. As you reword a headline in PowerPoint, go back and edit the headline in the story template as well. If you nd that you start making many changes to slide headlines, go back to the story template directly to work out the structural issues you are having before returning to the storyboard.

dictionary = { 'cat' => 'feline animal', 'dog' => 'canine animal' }

The variable storing the hash is dictionary, and it contains two entries, as you can prove:

When you work with the storyboard, keep in mind that in Act II, it s all about the hierarchy. Act II of the story template is your disciplined guide that helps you make the tough decisions about whether to include or exclude ideas and automatically prioritizes for you every slide in a hierarchy from the most important to the least. When you apply preliminary layouts with color backgrounds to indicate the levels of importance of your slides, you can clearly see in Slide Sorter view how the hierarchy ts into the speci c sequence of the slides of the presentation. And now you ll build on the rock-solid verbal foundation of Act II by using visual techniques to keep the hierarchy at the top of the minds of both you and your audience.

The right operand of the formatting operator may be anything; if it is either a tuple or a mapping (like a dictionary), it is given special treatment. We haven t looked at mappings (such as dictionaries) yet, so let s focus on tuples here. We ll use mappings in formatting in 4, where they re discussed in greater detail. If the right operand is a tuple, each of its elements is formatted separately, and you need a conversion specifier for each of the values.

One entry has a key of cat and a value of feline animal, while the other has a key of dog and a value of canine animal. Like arrays, you use square brackets to reference the element you wish to retrieve. For example:

puts dictionary['cat']

6

As you can see, a hash can be viewed as an array that has names for elements instead of position numbers. You can even change values in the same way as an array:

dictionary['cat'] = "fluffy animal" puts dictionary['cat']

Note If you write the tuple to be converted as part of the conversion expression, you must enclose it in parentheses to avoid confusing Python:

Note It won t be immediately useful to you, but it s worth noting that both keys and values can be objects